okay lets see i have a chem test tomorrow. hmm. its mainly about remembering all those H2SO4 stuff blahblah. so maybe i should type it here then i can play and remember at the same time ;)

haha. okay so.
common ions and their charges
Charge = +1
Sodium(Na)
Potassium(K)
Silver(Ag)
Ammonium(NH4)
Hydrogen(H)
Lithium(Li)
Copper(1)(Cu)

Charge = +2
Calcium(Ca)
Copper(2)(Cu)
Magnesium(Mg)
Zinc(Zn)
Lead(Pb)
Iron(2)(Fe)
Barium(Ba)

Charge = +3
Aluminium(Al)
Iron(3)(Fe)
Chromium(3)(Cr)

Charge = -1
Chloride(Cl)
Bromide(Br)
Iodide(I)
Hydroxide(OH)
Nitrate(NO3)
Hydrogen Carbonate(HCO3)
Hydrogen Sulphate(HSO4)

Charge = -2
Oxide(O)
Sulphide(S)
Sulphate(SO4)
carbonate(CO3)

Charge = -3
Phosphates(4)(PO4)

pH scale
0-2(red)(strong acid; example:
sulphuric acid(H2SO4);
hydrochloric acid(HCl);
nitric acid(HNO);)

4-5(orange)(weak acid; example:
ethanoic acid(vinegar)(acetic acid);)

5-6(yellow)(slightly acidic; example:
citric acid;)

7(green)(neutral)

8-10(blue)(weak alkali; example:
ammonia solution(NH4OH);)

11-14(violet)(strong alkali; example:
sodium hydroxide(NaOH);
calcium hydroxide(Ca(OH)2)


indicators
universal indicator
original colour = green

phenolphthalein
original colour = colourless
pH > 8 = pink

methyl orange
original colour = orange
pH < 4 = red
pH > 4 = yellow

okay paiseh i fell asleep; then slept until 7.30.
then when to bathe till 8. lols. and now its 8.30.
omfgz redhotchillipeppers!(copyrighted night buddy)
lols.
so i better start chionging now. geee.
and there's damn a lot of flies now. what the helllllll they are irritating and its because of global warming i guess so please stop wasting electricity like what the hell cause we're just destroying the earth and the people who died in the earthquake would probably become fossil fuels and become your electricity so the earth is like taking back what you gave it. :O
continuing with chem.

pH meter
advantages; measure pH values of solutions to HIGH ACCURACY.
disadvantages; expensive and delicate

Acids
An acid is a substance which produces hydrogen ions when it is dissolved in water.
Acids taste sour, some are corrosive(sulphuric acid winkwink ;))
All acids dissolve in water to form solutions which will conduct electricity, this is due to the ions present in the acid.

Acid + Metal(Reactive) --> Salt + Hydrogen Gas
(Observations: Colourless, odourless gas evolved which extinguishes a lighted splint with a "pop" sound. Heat is also given out.)

EXAMPLE: Magnesium + Hydrochloric acid --> Magnesium Chloride + Hydrogen
Mg + 2HCL --> MgCl2 + H2

EXAMPLE2: Zinc + Sulphuric acid --> Zinc Sulphate + Hydrogen
Zn + H2SO4 --> ZnSO4 + H2

BUT for nitric acid:
Nitric acid + Metal(Reactive) --> Salt + Nitrogen Dioxide gas + Water
(Observations: A brown poisonous gas produced)

EXAMPLE: Zinc + Nitric Acid --> Zinc Nitrate + Nitrogen dioxide gas + Water
Zn + 4HNO3 --> Zn(NO3)2 + 2NO2 + 2H2O

EXAMPLE2: Iron + Nitric Acid --> Iron(2) Nitrate + Nitrogen dioxide gas + Water
Fe + 4HNO3 --> Fe(NO3)2 + 2NO2 + 2H2O

Acid + Carbonate --> Salt + Carbon Dioxide gas + Water
(Observations: Colourless and odourless gas evolved which produced a white precipitate when passed to limewater)

EXAMPLE: Sodium Carbonate + Hydrochloric acid --> Sodium Chloride + Carbon Dioxide + Water
Na2CO3 + HCl --> 2NaCl + CO2 + H2O

EXAMPLE2: Copper(2) Carbonate + Sulphuric acid --> Copper(2) Sulphate + Carbon Dioxide gas + Water
CuCO3 + H2SO4 --> CuSO4 + CO2 + H2O

Acid + Metal Hydroxide/Oxide --> Salt + Water
(Observations: Neutralisation)

EXMAPLE: Zinc hydroxide + Nitric acid --> Zinc Nitrate + Water
Zn(OH)2 + 2HNO3 --> Zn(NO3)2 + 2H2O

Alkali + Ammonium salt --> Salt + Ammonia gas + Water

okay wow there's actually more but i guess im done(:
and its 11.09 ahaha;
watched some teevee.
goodnight and good luck for tomorrow's test yeah ;)

Snips & Scissors